Algorithm


Problem Name: Data Structures - Unique Colors

Problem Link: https://www.hackerrank.com/challenges/the-strange-function/problem?isFullScreen=true

In this HackerRank in Data Structures - Unique Colors solutions

You are given an unrooted tree of n nodes numbered from 1 to n. Each node i has a color, ci. .

Input Format

The first line contains a single integer, n, denoting the number of nodes.

The second line contains n space-separated integers, c1,c2, .... , cn where each ci describes the color of node i.

Each of the n - 1 subsequent lines contains 2 space-separated integers, a and b defining an undirected edge between nodes a and b.

Constraints

  • 1 <= n <= 10**5
  • 1 <= ci <= 10**5

Output Format

Print n lines, where the i**th line contains a single integer denoting sumi.

Sample Input

5
1 2 3 2 3
1 2
2 3
2 4
1 5

Sample Output

10
9
11
9
12

 

 

Code Examples

#1 Code Example with C Programming

Code - C Programming


#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

void descending_order(unsigned *self, unsigned *weights, unsigned cnt) {
    unsigned at, member, node = cnt >> 1;
    for (self--; node; self[at >> 1] = member) 
        for (member = self[node], at = node-- << 1; at  < = cnt; at <<= 1) {
            at |= (at  <  cnt) && (weights[self[at | 1]] < weights[self[at]]);
            if (weights[member] <= weights[self[at]])
                break ;
            self[at >> 1] = self[at];
        }
    
    for (; cnt > 1; self[at >> 1] = member) {
        member = self[cnt];
        self[cnt--] = self[1];
        for (at = 2; at  < = cnt; at <<= 1) {
            at |= (at  <  cnt) && (weights[self[at | 1]] < weights[self[at]]);
            if (weights[member] < weights[self[at]])
                break ;
            self[at >> 1] = self[at];
        }
    }
}

#define have(self, id) ((self)[(id) >> 5] & (1U << ((id) & 31U)))
#define inv(self, id) ((self)[(id) >> 5] ^= (1U << ((id) & 31U)))
int main() {    
    unsigned at, tail, others, vertex_cnt;
    scanf("%u", &vertex_cnt);
    
    unsigned
        colors[vertex_cnt],
        ancestors[vertex_cnt],
        centroids[vertex_cnt],
        history[vertex_cnt],
        descendants[vertex_cnt << 1],
        indices[vertex_cnt + 1],        
        weights[vertex_cnt + 1],
        distinct = 0;
        
    for (at = 0; at  <  vertex_cnt; at++)
        if (distinct < (scanf("%u", &colors[at]), (colors[at] - 1)))
            distinct = colors[at] - 1;    
    {
        unsigned seen[((distinct + 1) >> 5) + 1];        
        for (memset(seen, 0, sizeof(seen)); at--; colors[at] = history[colors[at]]) 
            if (have(seen, colors[at]) == 0) {
                inv(seen, colors[at]);
                history[colors[at]] = distinct++;
            }            
    }

    for (at = vertex_cnt >> 1; at; ((unsigned long *)ancestors)[--at] = 0x100000001UL * vertex_cnt);
    for (ancestors[vertex_cnt - 1] = vertex_cnt; ++at  <  vertex_cnt; ancestors[others - 1] = tail - 1) 
        if (ancestors[scanf("%u %u", &others, &tail), others - 1] != vertex_cnt) 
            others ^= tail, tail ^= others, others ^= tail;                            
    
    for (memset(indices, 0, sizeof(indices)); at--; indices[ancestors[at]]++);  
    for (; ++at  <  vertex_cnt; indices[at + 1] += indices[at]);
    for (; at--; descendants[--indices[ancestors[at]]] = at);

    for (others = 0, history[at = vertex_cnt - 1] = descendants[vertex_cnt - 1]; others  <  at; others++) {
        history[others] = history[at];
        at -= (indices[history[at] + 1] - indices[history[at]]) - 1;
        memcpy(
            &history[at],
            &descendants[indices[history[others]]],
            sizeof(history[0]) * (indices[history[others] + 1] - indices[history[others]])
        );
    }
    for (at = vertex_cnt >> 1; at--; ((unsigned long *)weights)[at] = 0x100000001UL);
    for (weights[(at = vertex_cnt) - 1] = 1; --at; weights[ancestors[history[at]]] += weights[history[at]]);

    for (others = indices[at = history[0]]; others  <  indices[at + 1]; others++)
        if ((weights[descendants[others]] << 1) > vertex_cnt) {
            weights[at] -= weights[descendants[others]];
            weights[descendants[others]] += weights[at];

            ancestors[at] = descendants[others];
            others = indices[at = descendants[others]] - 1;
        }
    
    memset(indices, 0, sizeof(indices));
    for (ancestors[at] = vertex_cnt, at = vertex_cnt; at--; indices[ancestors[at]]++);
    for (; ++at  <  vertex_cnt; indices[at + 1] += indices[at]);
    for (; at--; descendants[--indices[ancestors[at]]] = at);
    for (; ++at  <  vertex_cnt; descending_order(&descendants[indices[at]], weights, indices[at + 1] - indices[at]));
        
    unsigned root;
    {
        unsigned prev, mass[at--];                             
        history[at] = descendants[at];    
        centroids[history[at]] = (mass[at] = vertex_cnt);                
        weights[vertex_cnt] = 0;
            
        for (tail = 0; tail  <  at; weights[root] = 0) {
            for (root = (prev = history[at]); (weights[root] << 1)  <  mass[at]; root = ancestors[prev = root]);
            for (others = indices[root]; others  <  indices[root + 1]; others++)
                if ((weights[descendants[others]] << 1) > mass[at] && descendants[others] != prev) 
                    others = indices[root = descendants[others]] - 1;
            
            centroids[history[tail++] = root] = centroids[history[at++]];                                

            for (others = root; weights[ancestors[others]]; weights[others = ancestors[others]] -= weights[root]);                    
            
            if (others != root) {                
                mass[--at] = weights[others];
                centroids[history[at] = ancestors[root]] = root;                                                                
            }
            for (others = indices[root]; others  <  indices[root + 1]; others++)
                if (weights[descendants[others]]) {                    
                    mass[--at] = weights[descendants[others]];
                    centroids[history[at] = descendants[others]] = root;                    
                }
        }            
    }

    unsigned 
        centroids_indices[vertex_cnt + 1],
        centroids_descendants[vertex_cnt];

    for (memset(centroids_indices, 0, sizeof(centroids_indices)), at = vertex_cnt; at--; centroids_indices[centroids[at]]++);
    for (; ++at  <  vertex_cnt; centroids_indices[at + 1] += centroids_indices[at]);
    for (; at--; centroids_descendants[--centroids_indices[centroids[at]]] = at);        
    // submitted by Samy Vilar  < samy_vilar> 09/20/2018
    for (at = vertex_cnt >> 1; at--; ((unsigned long *)indices)[at] = 0x100000001UL);        
    for (*(unsigned long *)&indices[(at = vertex_cnt) - 1] = 1UL; at--; indices[ancestors[at]]++);
    for (; ++at  <  vertex_cnt; indices[at + 1] += indices[at]);
    for (; at--; descendants[--indices[ancestors[at]]] = at);
    for (; ++at  <  vertex_cnt; descendants[--indices[at]] = ancestors[at]);
    
    unsigned long totals[vertex_cnt];        

    unsigned                 
        successors[vertex_cnt],
        local[vertex_cnt + 1],
        freqs[distinct],
        unique[distinct],
        trace[distinct],                
        global[distinct],
        base_colors[distinct],
        seen[((vertex_cnt + 1) >> 5) + 1];

    memset(totals, 0, sizeof(totals));
    memset(global, 0, sizeof(global));
    memset(freqs, 0, sizeof(freqs));
    memset(seen, 0, sizeof(seen));
    inv(seen, vertex_cnt);
    // Samy Vilar  < samy_vilar> 10/20/2018    
    for (at = distinct >> 1; at--; ((unsigned long *)trace)[at] = 0x100000001UL * vertex_cnt);    
    trace[distinct - 1] = vertex_cnt;
    local[vertex_cnt] = 0;    
    distinct = 0;
    for (at = 1; at--; freqs[colors[root]] = 0) {                
        root = history[tail = at];
        inv(seen, root);        
        for (others = indices[root]; others  <  indices[root + 1]; others++)
            if (have(seen, descendants[others]) == 0) 
                history[at++] = descendants[others];            
        
        unsigned 
            branch_cnt = at - tail,                        
            base_cnt = 0,
            curr;
        
        unsigned long aids[branch_cnt];                                                
        for (memset(aids, 0, sizeof(aids)); distinct; global[unique[--distinct]] = 0);            
                
        unsigned long total = 0;        
        for (freqs[colors[root]] = (weights[root] = 1); branch_cnt--; weights[root] += weights[history[++at]]) {
            while (at-- != (tail + branch_cnt))
                if (inv(seen, history[at]) & (1U << (history[at] & 31U))) {                    
                    weights[curr = history[at++]] = 1;
                    freqs[colors[curr]]++;                                                                            
                    for (others = indices[curr]; others  <  indices[curr + 1]; others++)
                        if (have(seen, descendants[others]) == 0)                                                         
                            history[at++] = descendants[others];                                                                        
                } else {                    
                    for (others = indices[history[at]]; others  <  indices[history[at] + 1]; others++)
                        if (have(seen, descendants[others]) == 0)
                            weights[history[at]] += weights[descendants[others]];
                    
                    if (--freqs[colors[history[at]]] == 0) {                        
                        if (trace[colors[history[at]]] == vertex_cnt) 
                            base_colors[base_cnt++] = colors[history[at]];          

                        successors[history[at]] = trace[colors[history[at]]];
                        trace[colors[history[at]]] = history[at];                                                                  
                        local[history[at]] = local[successors[history[at]]] + weights[history[at]];
                    }
                }

            for (; base_cnt; trace[base_colors[base_cnt]] = vertex_cnt) {
                for (others = successors[trace[base_colors[--base_cnt]]]; others != vertex_cnt; others = successors[others])
                    local[others] = local[trace[base_colors[base_cnt]]]; 
                                                 
                if (global[base_colors[base_cnt]] == 0)
                    unique[distinct++] = base_colors[base_cnt];

                global[base_colors[base_cnt]] += local[trace[base_colors[base_cnt]]];
                aids[branch_cnt] += local[trace[base_colors[base_cnt]]];
            }
            total += aids[branch_cnt];
        }        
        totals[root] += total + weights[root];

        for (others = indices[root]; others  <  indices[root + 1]; others++)
            if (have(seen, descendants[others]) == 0)
                history[at++] = descendants[others];

        unsigned dist = 1;        
        for (branch_cnt = at - tail; branch_cnt--; total += aids[branch_cnt], at++)                
            for (total -= aids[branch_cnt]; at-- != (tail + branch_cnt); )
                if (inv(seen, history[at]) & (1U << (history[at] & 31U))) {
                    if (freqs[colors[history[at]]]++ == 0) 
                        total -= global[colors[history[at]]] - local[history[at]], dist++;

                    totals[history[at]] += total + (dist * (weights[root] - weights[history[tail + branch_cnt]]));

                    for (others = indices[curr = history[at++]]; others  <  indices[curr + 1]; others++)
                        if (have(seen, descendants[others]) == 0)
                            history[at++] = descendants[others];
                } else if (--freqs[colors[history[at]]] == 0) 
                    total += global[colors[history[at]]] - local[history[at]], dist--;                        
        memcpy(
            &history[at], 
            ¢roids_descendants[centroids_indices[root]], 
            sizeof(history[0]) * (centroids_indices[root + 1] - centroids_indices[root])
        );        
        at += centroids_indices[root + 1] - centroids_indices[root];
    }

    for (; ++at  <  vertex_cnt; printf("%lu\n", totals[at]));

    return 0;
}
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#2 Code Example with C++ Programming

Code - C++ Programming


#include <cstdio>
#include <iostream>
#include <ctime>
#include <iomanip>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <algorithm>
#include <vector>
#include <set>
#include <map>
#include <string>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;

vector  < int> ve[110000], V[110000];
long long ans[110000], Base, del[410000];
int sum[110000], L[110000], R[110000], st[110000], Time, n, x, y;

bool cmp(int x, int y) {
    return L[x] > L[y];
}

void dfs(int k, int f) {
    L[k] = ++Time;
    sum[k] = 1;
    for (int i = 0; i  <  (int) ve[k].size(); i++)
        if (ve[k][i] != f)
            dfs(ve[k][i], k), sum[k] += sum[ve[k][i]];
    R[k] = Time;
}

void modify(int k, int q, int h, int l, int r, int d) {
    if (l  < = q && h <= r)
        del[k] += d;
    else {
        if (r <= (q + h) / 2)
            modify(k * 2, q, (q + h) / 2, l, r, d);
        else if ((q + h) / 2  <  l)
            modify(k * 2 + 1, (q + h) / 2 + 1, h, l, r, d);
        else
            modify(k * 2, q, (q + h) / 2, l, r, d), modify(k * 2 + 1, (q + h) / 2 + 1, h, l, r, d);
    }
}

void dfs(int k, int q, int h, long long now) {
    now += del[k];
    if (q == h)
        ans[q] = now;
    else {
        dfs(k * 2, q, (q + h) / 2, now);
        dfs(k * 2 + 1, (q + h) / 2 + 1, h, now);
    }
}

void doit(vector  < int> V) {
    if (V.size() == 0)
        return ;
    Base += n;
    sort(V.begin(), V.end(), cmp);
    int len = 0;
    // printf("xx ");
    // for (int i = 0; i  <  (int) V.size(); i++)
    //     printf("%d ", V[i]);
    // printf("\n");
    for (int i = 0; i  <  (int) V.size(); i++) {
        vector <int> T;
        while (len && L[V[i]]  < = L[st[len]] && L[st[len]] <= R[V[i]]) {
            T.push_back(st[len]);
            len--;
        }

        st[++len] = V[i];
        int r = T.size() - 1;
        for (int p = ((int) ve[V[i]].size()) - 1; p >= 0; p--)
            if (sum[ve[V[i]][p]]  <  sum[V[i]]) {
                int q = ve[V[i]][p];
                int kk = sum[q];
                int RR = r;
                while (RR >= 0 && L[q]  < = L[T[RR]] && L[T[RR]] <= R[q])
                    RR -= 1;
                for (int j = RR + 1; j  < = r; j++)
                    kk -= sum[T[j]];
                // kk -= 1;
                // printf("%d %d\n", V[i], kk);
                // if (L[V[i]] != R[V[i]])
                modify(1, 1, n, L[q], R[q], kk);
                for (int j = RR + 1; j  < = r; j++)
                    modify(1, 1, n, L[T[j]], R[T[j]], -kk);
                r = RR;
            }
        
    }
    // for (int i = 1; i  < = len; i++)
    //     printf("%d ", st[i]);
    // printf("\n");
    int kk = n;
    for (int j = 1; j  < = len; j++)
        kk -= sum[st[j]];
    modify(1, 1, n, 1, n, kk);
    for (int j = 1; j  < = len; j++)
        modify(1, 1, n, L[st[j]], R[st[j]], -kk);
}

int main() {
    scanf("%d", &n);
    for (int i = 1; i  < = n; i++)
        scanf("%d", &x), V[x].push_back(i);
    for (int i = 1; i  <  n; i++) {
        scanf("%d%d", &x, &y);
        ve[x].push_back(y);
        ve[y].push_back(x);
    }
    dfs(1, 0);
    for (int i = 1; i  < = 100000; i++) {
        doit(V[i]);
    }
    dfs(1, 1, n, 0);
    for (int i = 1 ; i  < = n; i++)
        printf("%lld\n", Base - ans[L[i]]);
}
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#3 Code Example with Java Programming

Code - Java Programming


import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;

public class Solution {

  public static int[] sortByPreorder(int n) {
    int[] stack = new int[n];
    int[] ord = new int[n];
    boolean[] visited = new boolean[n];
    int p = 1;
    int r = 0;
    visited[0] = true;
    while (p > 0) {
      int cur = stack[p - 1];
      ord[r++] = cur;
      p--;
      for (int x = ptr[cur]; x > 0; x = nxt[x]) {
        int e = succ[x];
        if (!visited[e]) {
          stack[p++] = e;
          visited[e] = true;
        }
      }
    }
    return ord;
  }

  public static int[][] makeRights(int n, int[] par) {
    int[] ord = sortByPreorder(n);
    int[] iord = new int[n];
    for (int i = 0; i  <  n; i++) {
      iord[ord[i]] = i;
    }

    int[] right = new int[n];
    for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
      int v = i;
      for (int x = ptr[ord[i]]; x > 0; x = nxt[x]) {
        int e = succ[x];
        
        if (e != par[ord[i]]) {
          v = Math.max(v, right[iord[e]]);
        }
      }
      right[i] = v;
    }
    return new int[][] {iord, right};
  }


  public static int[][] parents(int n) {
    int[] parent = new int[n];
    Arrays.fill(parent, -1);

    int[] queue = new int[n];
    for (int p = 0, r = 1; p  <  r; p++) {
      int u = queue[p];
      for (int i = ptr[u]; i > 0;  i = nxt[i]) {
        int v = succ[i];
        if (parent[u] != v) {
          queue[r++] = v;
          parent[v] = u;
        }
      }
    }
    return new int[][] {parent, queue};
  }

  static int[] nxt;
  static int[] succ;
  static int[] ptr;
  static int index = 1;

  static void addEdge(int u, int v) {
    nxt[index] = ptr[u];
    ptr[u] = index;
    succ[index++] = v;

    nxt[index] = ptr[v];
    ptr[v] = index;
    succ[index++] = u;
  }
  
  public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
    BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
    BufferedWriter bw = new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter(System.getenv("OUTPUT_PATH")));

    StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
    int n = Integer.parseInt(st.nextToken());

    int[] a = new int[n];
    st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
    for (int i = 0; i  <  n; i++) {
      int item = Integer.parseInt(st.nextToken());
      a[i] = item;
    }
    
    ptr = new int[n];
    nxt = new int[2 * n];
    succ = new int[2 * n];
    for (int i = 0; i  <  n - 1; i++) {
      st = new StringTokenizer(br.readLine());
      int u = Integer.parseInt(st.nextToken()) - 1;
      int v = Integer.parseInt(st.nextToken()) - 1;

      addEdge(u, v);
    }
    
    int[][] pars = parents(n);
    int[] par = pars[0];
    int[] ord = pars[1];
    int[][] rs = makeRights(n, par);
    int[] iord = rs[0];
    int[] right = rs[1];

    int[] des = new int[n];
    for (int i = n - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
      int cur = ord[i];
      des[cur]++;
      if (i > 0) {
        des[par[cur]] += des[cur];
      }
    }
    long[] imos = new long[n + 1];

    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
    Map < Integer, List= 0; i--) {
      int cur = ord[i];
      Map < Integer, List();
      int color = a[cur];
      int ldes = 0;
      for (int y = ptr[cur]; y > 0; y = nxt[y]) {
        int e = succ[y];
        if (par[cur] != e) {
          int plus = des[e];
          List < Integer> vals = dp[e].get(color);
          if (vals != null) {
            for (int val : vals) {
              plus -= des[val];
            }
          }
          imos[iord[e]] += plus;
          imos[right[iord[e]] + 1] -= plus;
          if (vals != null) {
            for (int val : vals) {
              imos[iord[val]] -= plus;
              imos[right[iord[val]] + 1] += plus;
            }
          }

          Map < Integer, List());
            }
            map.get(en.getKey()).addAll(en.getValue());
          }
          ldes += des[e];
        }
      }
      map.remove(color);
      if (i > 0) {
        List < Integer> sol = new ArrayList<>();
        sol.add(cur);
        map.put(color, sol);
        dp[cur] = map;
      } else {
        for (Map.Entry < Integer, List vals = en.getValue();
          for (int val : vals) {
            plus -= des[val];
          }
          imos[iord[cur]] += plus;
          imos[right[iord[cur]] + 1] -= plus;
          for (int val : vals) {
            imos[iord[val]] -= plus;
            imos[right[iord[val]] + 1] += plus;
          }
        }
      }
    }

    Arrays.sort(a);
    int uniq = 0;
    for (int i = 0; i  <  n; i++) {
      if (i == 0 || a[i] != a[i - 1]) {
        uniq++;
      }
      imos[i + 1] += imos[i];
    }
    for (int i = 0; i  <  n; i++) {
      long res = (long) uniq * n - imos[iord[i]];
      bw.write(res + "\n");
    }
    bw.newLine();
    bw.close();
    br.close();
  }
}
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